Supervision Mnagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supervision Mnagement - Essay Example The supervisors or the line managers are more important in organization’s today because they are the ones that directly interact with the employees (Thornhill & Saunders, 1998). To what extent leaders and managers in the hospitality units are able to achieve their goals will be critically analysed here. Performance management requires the evaluation of contemporary theories of human psychology and their application to performance of individuals at work place. According to Brownell (2003), communication is the most vital tool for a manager for improving individual and organizational performance. The hospitality industry is service oriented and service is synonymous with effective communication. It thus becomes important for managers to make their messages clear, to maintain and develop positive relationships with both customers and employees. Performance management requires the managers to ensure that employees’ activities and output are congruent with organizational goals. They need to set standards, assess result and plan for improvement (Schermerhorn et al., 2004 cited by Gross, 2007). A good performance management system can help to reduce turnover, increase productivity, improve individual performance, improve morale, reduce conflict and eliminate gaps and overlaps. In evaluating performance and objective evaluation method should be employed which should be able to pinpoint the areas where improvement is needed. An efficient system can also help to identify the superior workers in the organization. Workers’ participation leads to commitment and improved morale. While supervisory leadership is essential, the supervisor must be able to work together as a team. An effective reward system should be linked to how well each worker meets the performance standards. Since the hospitality industry is volatile and the services have to be changed with the customer demands, it lays stress on the employees. Hence an annual performance appraisal is not

Homosexuality in ancient cultures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homosexuality in ancient cultures - Case Study Example Duels and accounts of epic gladiatorial contests craft a large proportion of the modern day perception of this epoch. The exercise of these macho tendencies seems immediately at odds with Homosexual practice, and it is indeed intriguing to question the prevalence and attitudes' toward Homosexuality in said societies. Before continuing, it should be noted that it is simply impossible to assess, with respect to the question, each "culture" simultaneously: differences between Spartan, Roman and Greek societies would not allow for a detailed, thorough study if categorised together. Instead this essay will attempt to deal with each separately, before bringing its findings together in a broad conclusion. While it may appear a simplistic approach to adopt it is, quite simply, the best manner in which to approach the question. Spartan society was in many ways driven by military ambition. Textbooks refer to the Spartans in such terms as: "an armed camp," "brutal," "culturally stagnant," "economically stagnant," "politically stagnant"[1]. From the age of six, Spartan boys were taken from their mothers to train to be a soldier. It was common throughout this transitory period for the youths to engage in homosexual relations with older men, in fact it was regarded as an important part of their education. Indeed, the Spartan military actively pursued the placing of Homosexual lovers together in combat: while in Thebes, the general Epaminondas commanded a regiment composed of 150 pairs of lovers. This 'Band of Lovers' became a formidable fighting force, with lover defending lover until death. 1: Whitby, 63. Few members of Spartan society frowned upon this practice. Conversely, once the youth reached full adulthood opinions toward this practice shifted greatly. This was mainly because it placed one of the participants in a position of submission: which Spartans regarded as being completely unacceptable for a man holding full citizenship. The best ancient source on Sparta, Xenophon, refutes the already suggestion about widespread pederasty. [2] There is no Spartan/Laconian art that depicts explicitly homosexual motifs-as there is from Athens. The notion that Spartan men tended to wed relatively young, by Greek standards anyway, insinuates that they simply had much less time for the pederasty that characterized the coming to manhood in the rest of Greece. The state considered men who did not wed a public disgrace, and a citizen who did not marry and procreate was not afforded the luxuries that a Father would be. Sparta was known for the extent to which women were so well integrated into society: this goes against the very essence of a homosexually prevalent society. Based on the evidence, it is clear that Homosexuality-in the form of pederasty-- was at the very least, tolerated by the Spartans. Rather than full Homosexual affairs between grown men, much more common were "grooming" relationships between Adults and adolescents, seen as an intrinsic aspect of military training and development. Such as the ancient world is, many accounts become skewed or simply "lost in translation", and thus the account of Xenophon should not be regarded as providing a definite answer. Pederasty or the practice thereof, was undoubtedly a facet of Spartan life. The Historical accounts of Epaminondas at Thebes support this,

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay †¢It still wouldn’t be free just a redistribution of who is paying †¢Doesn’t address the main issue of the high price and what is the cause. State budget cuts are mainly to blame †¢How many countries do free college. †¢Make student loans easier to obtain, and with more time to pay back, and lower interest rate. †¢the second big problem, however, is that I think we should get more cynical than Bruenig does. If the level of subsidy were increased enough to eliminate tuition, the faculty and administrators of public universities would still thirst for more money. A logical place to raise the money would be—tuition. After all, a college degree is a valuable commodity. And the kids in college are mostly from families with above-average incomes. Having eliminated tuition, the tuition would simply come back. In exchange, youd get more tenure-track faculty, more administrators, more weird perks for university presidents, nicer facilities, etc. †¢there is already a cheaper option community college. †¢it forces the students to obtain higher grades in high school for a possible scholarship option †¢But I think we should loop this back around to where we started. I agree with Bady that theres an important sense in which the best-known public institutions of higher education arent public. But it isnt that they arent free. National Parks arent free. But theyre still public institutions. Because theyre open to the public. Community colleges are also open to the public. But schools that only let you in if you have high SAT scores—whoever owns them and whatever they charge—arent public in this sense. And in a world where the cost of financing health care and retirement for an aging society is pressuring public budgets, Id make them stand behind other more broadly public forms of education for money.

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay Proton Holding Berhad or well known as Proton, a Malay acronym of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional is the first Malaysian automobile manufacturer which has headquartered at Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Proton is founded under idea of former Malaysia Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed in 1983 to manufacture, assemble and sell automobile vehicles and related products such as spare parts, accessories and other components. After two years of incorporated, Proton has produced its and Malaysias first car, the Proton Saga with technology and parts assistant of its shareholders cum technical assistant partner and supplier, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and has been launched by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed by 9th July 1985.Just around three and half years after launch of Proton Saga, it has achieved 100,000 units produced in January of 1989 and by 1988, Proton has successfully grabbed 73 percent of passenger car market in Malaysia. Beside Malaysia market, Proton Sag a is the first model of Proton to enter international market such as United Kingdom. With technology support from Mitsubishi, Proton continued to develop new models for both local and oversea markets. After this successful of Proton Saga, Proton launched second car named Proton Wira which based on Mitsubishi Lancer platform and technology during 1993. Between 1996 and 1998, more than 220,000 units of Proton Wira were sold. The third model which relied on Mitsubishi technology is Proton Perdana that based on Mitsubishi Eterna was launched during 1995 for higher end market. The next Protons car which relied on Mitsubishi technology and platform is Proton Waja or as known as Proton Impian in UK which launched during 2001 and it is first car was designed internally by Proton itself. After the acquisition of Lotus, a United Kingdom car manufacturer in 1996. Proton utilized its technology and engineering in helping it develops several new models to replace its old models. In 2004, with technology and engineering of Lotus, Proton developed its own engine called Campro which using by its first replacement model called Proton Gen-2. In 2007, Proton comes out with second replacement model called Proton Persona, a sedan model of Proton Gen-2 which both to replace Proton Wira. By 18 January 2008, after more than 20 years of Proton Saga being launched, Proton launched its replacement model of Proton Saga. By 2010, Proton once again has entered into talks with Mitsubishi Motors which is going successfully and led to another replacement model being produced, Proton Inspira which based on platform and technology from Mitsubishi latest generation Lancer is replacement model for Proton Waja. The common strategy which applied into major modern businesses today is the marketing mix as known as 4Ps is contains four major groups, product, price, place and promotion. Kotler P., Armstrong G., Saunders J. Wong V. (1999) defined marketing mix as a set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. It helps the firm to influence its targeted markets consumer buying behavior which leads to achieve its marketing objectives. Consumer buying behavior is defined by Schiffman, K. and Wisenblit (2010), as a the processes and behavioral that consumer display in search, select, purchase, use, evaluate, secure and dispose of products and services that suffice their gratification corresponding to their expectation. According to Kotler P. (2002), a consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. While consumer in buying decision making, there are some factors affecting them . Its vital for a firm to understand the factors that influencing the consumer purchasing decisions in order to effectively utilize the marketing mix tools as consumer stimuli and lead to marketing objectives achieve. In SPR (Stimulus, Process, Response) model by Svend H. (2010) (refer appendix A), marketing mix is one of the important elements in stimulate consumer buying behavior. In Proton, the marketing mix has been adopted as most of the businesses in the world did. Proton has been adopting Mitsubishi and Lotus technology in producing and including in its products as a part of product strategy to improve consumer confidence toward Protons products. In price strategy, Proton offering affordable price for mid-low income level consumer which lead to major sales of Protons products, for example, Proton Saga. Proton is selling its products locally and globally. For both targeted market, showrooms and service centrals have been set up at main cities for conveniences of consumers to obtain Protons products and services after sales. Especially for local market, large number of showrooms and service centrals has been set up in cities and towns of each state. In promotion strategies, there is numerous methods by Proton to promote its products such as showrooms sales person, mainstream media advertising, outdoor promotion events, internet advertising, participating in world class motorsport and so on. 1.2 Problems Statements According to the announcement made by Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 23rd AFTA Council Meeting, in order to promote greater economic efficiency, productivity and competitiveness, Malaysia will be a complete free trade area effective from 1st January 2010, with the elimination of duties on over 2,000 tariff lines (Choy J.Y and Ng C.S (2011) cited Palaniappan (2009)). The elimination of the trade barriers will significantly increase the competitiveness of Malaysia automotive industry as the price of import cars from ASEAN Free Trade Area, AFTA member countries will be significantly decrease as well. Other than the challenges brought by the possible import car price cut down, the emerging of China and India automotive manufacturer yet possibly double the challenges in Malaysia auto market. This will be great challenges toward automotive manufacturers and dealers in Malaysia especially local manufacturers. Thus, local car manufacturer or dealer in Malaysia must have suff icient preparations to face the upcoming challenges. Although Proton has granted with returning of Mitsubishi technology in developing new replacement models in order to increase its competitive advantages to face future challenges within Malaysia automotive industry. However, it is crucial for Proton to understand what are the factors that affecting consumer buying behavior while purchasing Proton car. Its important for Proton to determine is its product factors are competitive enough to compete in future challenging domestic auto market, Is the car price of the Proton is main factor? Is the quality of Proton car is main factor? 1.3 Research Questions Does the performance of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the price of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the after purchased risk of the Proton car is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the quality of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? 1.4 research Objectives The main objective of the research is to study the factors affecting purchasing decisions toward Proton latest product. Specifically objectives: To determine the association between product performance and buying decision. To determine the association between product price and buying decision. To determine the association between product risk and buying decision. To determine the association between product quality and buying decision. 1.5 Research Significances This research is being conducted in order to provide an understanding to local car manufacturer, Proton about the consumer buying behavior which is one of the key elements in Proton marketing strategies. Its very crucial for Proton to take this understanding into account as it helps to understand better factors affecting consumer buying decisions and this also will helps Proton to examine if their current strategies which alliance with Mitsubishi in developing new car model is working well in attracting consumer. The determination of the factors which affecting the consumer purchasing decision in this study also will help Proton to develop best strategies in future competitive environments especially the implementation of AFTA policy. Other than this, through this study, Proton would able to identify its products attracting which types of consumer in making purchase. By knowing its consumer, Proton will be able offer the best product that market want and need. Its important for Proto n to face the future challenges in Malaysia automotive industry. Other than Proton itself, this study would be useful information for marketing researcher, student in their future research about consumer behavior on purchasing automotive products or automotive market related study.

Cadaver Organ Donation :: Health Medical Essays

Cadaver Organ Donation Recently, TV Land aired a 1975 episode of All in the Family in which Archie Bunker tries to impress his boss by being the first in line to sign up for the boss’ favorite charity (Bogart 1975). It is not until Archie is holding his donor card that he realizes that he has signed up to be an organ donor. This causes great anxiety for Archie which manifests itself as more stress than usual, worrying about his age, and problems sleeping. Archie finally goes to rescind his donation and states that it is for religious purposes. Archie states that he had a dream in which he has died and is driving his taxi toward heaven. As he is driving toward heaven, people begin taking parts from the taxi. As he continues, people begin removing parts from Archie. When he reaches heaven he is not allowed in because God does not recognize him due to so many parts missing. Another humorous piece concerning organ donation is from Monty Python's Meaning of Life. In â€Å"Part V: Live Organ Donations† Mr. Brown answers the door and finds two men who have come to take his liver, which Mr. Brown states that he is still using. The two men wrestle Mr. Brown to the ground and find on him his Liver Donation Card. Mr. Brown states â€Å"Listen! I can't give it to you now. It says, 'in the event of death'.† One of the men respond with, â€Å"No one who has ever had their liver taken out by us has survived,† followed by a very bloody removal of Mr. Brown’s liver. Mrs. Brown enters the room and confronts the two men who respond that they are taking Mr. Brown’s liver. After she realizes what is going on she sees the entire episode as being Mr. Brown’s fault for signing the donation card in the first place (Gilliam and Jones 1983). These two views of organ donation in the popular culture make light of reasons why people do not register to be organ donors; however, they do reflect many people’s anxieties about being an organ donor. An example of this is found in a Boston Herald front page article where the removal of organs from an eighteen month old boy, not for the purpose of transplant, was called â€Å"heartless.† The child’s mother stated, â€Å"Our son David was all heart, and now he is buried without his heart.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay -- Biography

On January 30, 1882, the world welcomed a new born boy by the name of Franklin Delano Roosevelt that would help America countless times recover from the depths of harm and danger and bring her to the shores of safety. He married his wife and distant cousin by the name of Eleanor Roosevelt and she did many good deeds of her own. Through his education, remarkable three terms of Presidency, triumph in a war, endeavor for peace, and struggling through a vicious disease know as polio, former President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the greatest President ever. Franklin Roosevelt learned many vital and crucial lessons throughout his education. Lessons and concepts that would be carried with him everywhere. One of Roosevelt's first lessons was from the founder of the Groton School, Endicott Peabody. As this school was mostly for the rich, the lesson entailed that government service was an excellent method to help those poorer and less privileged than the students attending the school. This moral really appealed to Roosevelt before he graduated from Groton school and went on to Harvard University (Uschan 21). Whenever FDR's name is mentioned, not too many people realize that this notable man went to Harvard. While he attended Harvard, he studied about many different views about government that would help FDR develop his political philosophy (Uschan 22). Education played a minor but imperative role for Franklin on the mission to becoming the greatest President so far. The road for FDR to become President was not harsh or smooth, but it is was he did during those three astonishing terms that really makes this former president outstanding. FDR first term officially started on March 4, 1933, and he entered term faced with the burden o... ... second term, FDR created the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. He also created the March of Dimes, which brought in money for babies with birth defects. He did not life to see the vaccine for polio as Roosevelt died in 1945. However, the U.S congress gave FDR the privileged honor of having his face on the dime since he and the dime were so closely related ("FDR and Polio: Public Life, Private Pain"). FDR was the greatest president ever through his education, incredible three terms of Presidency, victory in a war, endeavor for peace, and for battling through polio. I think about all the things he has done for Americans every day, and people don't realize that he substantially changed the whole country for the better. I hope that I have conveyed to you that FDR is the best president that has ever existed on this planet.

What is the Western scientific paradigm, and what are its implications for health care in the U.S.?

The Western scientific paradigm is a model for understanding how nature works and developing ways of overcoming problems (Jamison, 1994). For example, a disease which affects human beings, the exact cause and mechanism by which the disease occurs is nailed down. There is a huge emphasis on research and trials with relation to Western scientific paradigm. Newer ways of treating the disease identified through mechanisms of causation of the disease are explored. In the western scientific paradigm, education, professionalism and scientific thinking have a very important role to play (Jamison, 1994).Today the western scientific paradigms may be working successfully in various areas such as epidemiology by which the ways of causation of an infectious disease is understood and means of preventing, treating and diagnosing are determined. However, they do not work well for the management and prevention of chronic diseases as still the mechanism of causation which is complex is still not under stood. Besides, today people are over-depending on the western system of medicine as a mean for obtaining a cure from various diseases and other health problems (Longino, 1997).The Western scientific paradigm consists of 5 concepts including mind-body dualism, mechanical analogy, physical reductionism, definitive regimen and specific causation of a disease. According to the first concept of mind-body dualism, both mind and body are two separate entities which are considered different from a disease viewpoint. However, several forms of holistic medicine consider these two entities as the same and have worked towards integrating their management. The mind may be involved with the body through psychological, neurological and even immunological action (Wisneki, 2005).The second concept is of mechanical analogy in which the body consists of 5 systems that are associated with one another. According to the third concept, physical reductionism is a mean of treating the cause of the disease and not managing any other contributing factor. According to the concept of definitive regimen, for each condition a set of therapies are needed for which the patient should give consent for the doctor to perform (Longino, 1997). The western paradigm of medicine may have both a good effect as well as a negative effect over the health of the Americans.For example, the Western paradigm of medicine is very useful in extending the lifespan over the last few decades. People are able to live longer. However, the quality of life has not improved as chronic diseases and lifestyle problems have a serious effect. With relation to management of these chronic diseases, the western paradigm has chosen a symptomatic approach rather than a curative or a holistic approach. However, other systems of medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine have a different approach and manage the diseases in a more effective manner (Longino, 1997).2. What are some the problems associated with applying this para digm in a culturally diverse society, such as the U. S.? The Western paradigm of medicine in the US is being applied to a culturally diverse society which includes elders, minority groups (such as the Hispanics, Asians and the African-Americans), uninsured groups, etc. As it is being applied over such a vast society and having several negative points, the Western paradigm may in fact have a bad effect in several cases.For example, between the 20th and the 21st century, although the elderly population in the US has increased to 20 % from 4 %, and the above 85 years old group has increased 25 times, there seem to be no improvement over the quality of life for these age groups as still symptomatic management is utilized to treat diseases in these age groups (Longino, 1997). Currently, the American system is also very costly and several individuals from the lower-socioeconomic strata may find it very costly to manage any sort of treatment.Besides often treatment is given at an individua l level, when in fact greater benefit to the community can be considered. The Western system of medicine strongly believes in invasive treatment rather than holistic system of managed in which several interrelated issues including the mind, body and other aspects are managed together along with greater emphasis on lifestyle changes. Many of the minority communities which may consider use of such holistic systems are often discouraged.They are set to suffer as the social, economic and general conditions in the US do not favor these minority communities. Although the Western paradigm considers prevention, emphasis is laid more on symptomatic treatment and not on curative treatment as it may be difficult to prove such therapies are effective and safe. Individuals from various communities have different levels of trust and confidence in the American healthcare system. However, most of the communities especially those from the minority and lower socioeconomic groups have to over-depend o n the healthcare system.It is important that the healthcare system considers holistic management of the patient, greater emphasis on curative and preventive treatment and sorting out lifestyle and diet issues (WHO 2000). 3. What alternatives to the Western paradigm have been proposed, and how might these be applied to a specific cultural group? Besides management of diseases in a particular community, it is important to consider holistic management, promotion of health, and preventive strategies in various populations including minority communities.Minorities are more dependent on the American healthcare system due to socioeconomic, access and political problems in the US. It is important to consider a holistic form of management for these communities. Indigenous methods of managing their health need to be considered. It is also important to research the methods of healthcare management of these communities in their home nation where they are able to lead a much more satisfactory he alth status. With relation to any disorder, the mind would be having an effect, either demonstrating an effect or getting affected.Hence, mental factors need to be considered. Alternative and complementary forms of treatment such as physiotherapy, homeopathy, herbal medicine, aromatherapy, hydrotherapy, etc, need to be considered as they consider managing the patient as a whole and include preventive outlooks. Some forms of alternative medicine give room for the process of natural healing (in which the body would heal itself). Today the people from the lower strata and the minorities are serious facing health problems in the US and are unable to use the system as they are uninsured.Greater efforts need to be made to include these communities under health insurance (Alves, 2007, WHO Kobe Center, 2000). References Alves, R. Et al (2007). Biodiversity, traditional medicine and public health: where do they meet? Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3(14). http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/articlerender. fcgi? artid=1847427 Jamison, A. (1994). Western science in perspective and the search for alternatives. In Salomon, J (Ed. ), The uncertain quest: science, technology, and development. Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press. http://www. unu. edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu09ue/uu09ue0f.htm Longino, C. F. (1997). Beyond the body: an emerging medical paradigm: as with so many other aspects of American society, the baby boom may be the catalytic factor that ultimately changes the way we treat our health. American Demographics. LookSmart Find Articles. http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_n12_v19/ai_20038498 Wesneki, L. (2005). The Scientific Basis of Integrative Medicine, ECAM. http://ecam. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/reprint/neh079v1. pdf WHO (2000). Traditional Medicine. Better Science, Policy and Services for Health Development. http://www. cewm. med. ucla. edu/sources/who_kobe. pdf